Effect of diminazine aceturate on the pharmacokinetic of a long acting oxytetracycline formulation in lactating goats

Oxytetracycline [OTC] and diminazene aceturate are commonly administered to diseased ruminants with mixed bacterial and protozoal infections. We were therefore interested in characterizing the pharmacokinetics of a new long acting OTC formulation after IV or IM administration, and whether concurrent administration of diminazene altered the pharmacokinetics. Ten clinically healthy lactating female Baladi goats were used in a sequential order. Goats received the treatments in sequential order with a 2 week wash out period between each study: 1] a single dose of OTC [30 mg/kg BW] by TV or TM injection in non-treated and diminazine aceturate pre-treated goats [3.5 mg/kg BW] 2 hours before OTC treatment. Blood, milk and urine samples were collected periodically and OTC concentration was assayed using a microbiological method. The extent of protein binding in serum and milk was determined using an in vitro ultra filtration method and assayed using the same method as serum Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that serum OTC concentrations after IV administration could be fit to a two-compartment model, and that pre-treatment with diminazene aceturate increased serum OTC concentrations. Following IV injection [t[0.5] beta] was 25.9 +/- 5.1 and 24.5 +/- 2.7 hours, and [Vd[area]] was 22.0 +/- 0.8 and 23.7 +/- 0.4 L.kg[-1], in non-treated and diminazine pre-treated goats, respectively. The maximum OTC concentration after IM injection [1.25 +/- 0.02 micro g ml[-1] and 1.39 +0.04 micro g ml[-1] was obtained at 1.8 +0.3 hours and 2.4 +/- 0.4 hours in non-treated and diminazine pretreated goats, respectively. Moreover, effective milk concentrations were detected for 24 to 48 h, and effective urine concentrations were detected for 96 to 120 h after IM injection. The LA-OTC formulation was moderately bound to goat serum protein [46.0 +3.2% for OTC alone and 40.0 +/- 2.3% for OTC +diminazine]. The binding of the LA-OTC formulation was lower in milk [29.3 +/- 3.6%] than plasma. We conclude that concurrent administration of LA-OTC and diminazine aceturate alters the serum concentration-time profile and pharmacokinetics of a new long acting OTC formulation and could therefore potentially alter treatment efficacy

Isolation and identification of C. perfringens from field chickens suspected to be infected with Necrotic Enteritis in relation to season

Examined field chickens with signs and lesions of natural infection with necrotic enteritis [NE] revealed the isolation of Clostridium perfringens [C. perfringens] from positive chickens at the rate of 63.33%, 30%, 30% and 66.66% in autumn, winter, spring and summer; respectively. The overall positive samples were 57 out of examined 120 chickens with incidence of 47.5%. Regarding chicken breed, isolation rate in autunm were 65% and 60.0%, in winter 35.0% and 20.0%, in spring 25.0% and 40.0%, in summer 85.0% and 30.0% was recorded out of broilers and layers; respectively. C. perfringens isolates were serologically typed into 24 type A, 3 type C and 30 nontoxigenic isolates. Type A isolates were 5, 2, 6 and 11 in autumn, winter, spring and summer; respectively. While type C isolates were 2 in autumn and 1 in spring. C. perflingens Type A recovered from broiler and layer were 2 and 3, 2 and 0, 4 and 2, 10 and 1 in autumn, winter, spring and summer; respectively. Only 2 isolates of type C were recovered in autumn and I in spring

Determination of methomyl insecticide residues in tomato and cucumber fruits by high performance liquid chromatography: kinetic study

A sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method using ultraviolet detector has been developed for the determination of methomyl insecticide residues on tomato and cucumber fruits. The developed method consisted of extraction with ethyl acetate, adsorption clean up [by adsorbing mixture consisting of charcoal/celite in ratio 2: 1], followed by high performance liquid chromatographic determination using methanol: water [1: 1] as a mobile phase and UV detection at 233 nm. The range of percentage recovery was between 88.2% and 90.4% for both plant samples. [These recoveries are good for those types of extraction of pesticides traces from plant materials, refer to [1] to compare recoveries]. The method was applied to determine residues and rate of decline of methomyl from fruits of tomatoes and cucumber [open field and greenhouse treatment, with methomyl formulation [Lannate 90% SP] for 100 liter water]. The insecticide incorporated into the plants decreased rapidly with a half-life around 1 day in winter and 0.5 day in summer

Impact of toxy-nil as antimycotoxin on the disposition kinetics of lincomycin in broiler chickens

Pharmacokinetics of lincomycin was studied following single intravenous [I.V.] and oral administrations [20 mg. kg -1 b. wt] in both control and toxy-nil medicated chickens. Lincomycin plasma concentration was determined by microbological assay method. Following I.V. injection, lincomycin plasma concentration versus time curve was best fitted a 2-compartment open model. Toxynil significantly decreased both the distribution and elimination half-lives of lincomycin from 0.28 +/- 0.01 and 1.27 +/- 0.06h in the control group to 0.19 +/- 0.006 and 0.95 +/- 0.04 h in toxy-nil medicated chickens, respectively. The volume of drug distribution at steady state [V dss] and the rate of its total body clearance [CL B] were significantly increased in toxy-nil medicated chickens [1.72 +/- 0.08 L.Kg -1 and 1.95 +/- 0.07 L.Kg -1.h -1 respectively] as compared with that in the control ones [1.38 +/- 0.05 L.Kg -1 and 0.85 +/- 0.03 L.Kg -1.h -1, respectively]. Following oral administration, the absorption half-life [t 1/2 ab]was significantly prolonged in toxy-nil medicated birds than in the control ones [0.22 +/- 0.016 and 0.163 +/- 0.0 13 h, respectively]. This associated with a significant decrease in the drug peak plasma concentration [3.54 +/- 0.24 micro g. ml -1] than in the control one [11.56 +/- 0.75 micro g.ml -l]. The systemic bioavailability [F] was significantly decreased from 73.25 +/- 5.08% in the control group to 38.25 +/- 2.89% in toxy-nil medicated one. In concomitant administration of lincomycin and toxy-nil in broiler chickens should be hindered, as the interaction between both significantly reduces lincomycin oral absorption and enhance its elimination which consequently decreases its therapeutic efficacy

Role of some soil bacteria and acyionomycetes in controlling cucumber root-rot disease

Twenty five isolates of N2-fixing bacteria and eleven actinomycetes were chosen from 117 microorganisms isolated from desert soils and different plant roots to study their effect on Rhizoctonia solani, the causative of the root-rot disease. The data revealed that Azotobacter Rf and Azospirillium Kc were the most active for nitrogen fixation [210 and 133 ppm], root colonization [61.3% and 65%] and antagonistic effect on the pathogenic fungus R. solani [15 and 17 mm]. The two strains were identified as Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillium lipoferum. The actinomycetes isolate, Streptomyces Ncu was the most active strain for root colonization ability [41.4%] and antagonistic effect against R. solani [22 mm]. This strain was completely identified as Streptomyces lydicus

Rocuronium versus succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction of anesthesia in elective cesarean section

This study was conducted on forty parturient women undergoing elective cesarean section under general anesthesia to evaluate the onset and tracheal intubation condition together with the fetal and maternal impacts of rocuronium and succinylcholine for rapid sequence induction. The parturient women were randomly allocated into two groups [20 women each] according to the neuromuscular blocker used, group A [0.6mg/kg rocuronium] and group B [Img/kg succinylcholine]. After pre-oxygenation, rapid sequence induction was performed with thiopental sodium 4-6mg/kg followed by either rocuronium or succinylcholine according to the group. Neuromuscular transmittion was assessed using electromyographic response to train of four stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist every 10 seconds. The time to the beginning of depression of Tl amplitude [lag time] and the time to maximum depression of Tl [onset time] were compared in the two groups. They were [25.2 +/- 2.7], [71.7 +/- 2.7] seconds for group [A] and [22.4+2.2], [50.6 +/- 8.2] seconds for group [B] respectively. There were statistically significant difference between the two groups as regard lag time and onset time [P<0.05, P<0.01 respectively]: As regard, the. intubation conditions, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. There is statistically significant difference as regard maternal heart rate or mean blood pressure between the two groups [P<0.01, P<0.05 respectively]. As regard Apgar score, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups. It can be concluded that rocuronium provide good intubating conditions comparable to those of succinylcholine and is suitable for rapid sequence intubation when succinylcholine is contraindicated. It is also safe for both the mother and the foetus. List of abbreviations: NMB: Neuromuscular blocker EMG: Electromyography MMG: Mechanomyography

Developmental abnormalities induced by 5-fluorouracil [5-FU] in rats

5-Fluorouracil [5-FU] was intraperitonealy injected at different doses to rats from 9[th] through the 12[th] day of gestation for determination of the optimal teratogenic dose [OTD], maximal teratogenic dose [MTD] and minimal LD[100] [MLD[100]]. OTD of 5-FU at 9[th], 10[th], 11[th] and 12[th] day of gestation was 28, 21, 22 and 24 mg/kg, respectively, while those of MTD were 34, 28, 32 and 32 mg/kg, respectively. MLD[100] of 5-FU at 9[th], 10[th], 11[th], and 12[th] day of gestation was 40, 32, 38 and 38 mg/kg, respectively, Nine groups of 10 pregnant rats each were used for revealing the developmental abnormalities induced by 5-FU When injected intraperitonealy in 2 dose levels [therapeutic and its double] on days 9, 10, 11, and 12 of pregnancy. In rats receiving 5-FU in single doses of 13.5 and 27.0 mg/kg on days 9-12 of gestation, the numbers of dead and resorbed fetuses and the post-implantation losses were significantly increased. On day 10 of gestation, the fetus is most susceptible to malformations, after which the frequency decreases proportionally to time. These malformations included growth retardation, thymus aplasia, pulmonary hypoplasia, dilatation of renal pelvis and absence of genital tubercle. Other observed skeletal anomalies were incomplete ossification of skull bones and absence of caudal verebrae, sternebrae and digits

Teratogenicity and effects on male fertility of thiodicarb insecticide in albino rats

Thiodicarb [larvin] was administered orally to pregnant female albino rats in doses of 3.98 and 1.99 mg/kg b. wt. daily at the organogenisis period [6-15th day of gestation]. The administered doses resulted in decrease in number of implantation sites and survived feti and increased number of resorbed feti. The obtained results showed many visceral malformations [retarded growth, dilated cerebral ventricles, absence of thymus, atrophy of lungs and heart and dilated renal pelvis]. Skeletal examination showed incomplete ossification of the skull, reduction in number of caudal and sacral vertebrae, absence of some sternbrae, incomplete pelvic girdle, fused tibia and fibula and absence of phalanges. In male albino rats, oral administration of 3.98 and 1.99 mg/kg b. wt. for 65 days, resulted in decrease in sperm cell count, sperm motility and of live/dead sperms ratios

Macro and micromorphology of ipomoea carnea jaq growing in Egypt part III: fruit and seed

A study of the macro- and micromorphological characters of the fruit and seed of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. is given in both entire and powdered forms. Many plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae are known to be useful as purgative drugs. Ipomoea carnea Jacq. is perennial, erect shrub, indigenous to Belgium and was introduced to Egypt for ornamental purpose. Nothing was reported in the current literature concerning both chemical and botanical studies of the plant. The chemical investigation of the resin contents of the plant was recently reported. Meanwhile, the botanical studies of the leaves and flowers, stem and roots were reported, so it was found to be interesting to investigate the botanical characters of the fruits and seeds

Spectrophotometric determination of isoniazid nalidixic acid and flumequine through ternary complex-formation with Cd [II] and rose bengal

Simple, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric procedures for the determination of isoniazid [INH], nalidixic acid [Nx] and flumequine [Fq] are developed. These are based on the reaction of the above mentioned drugs with cadmium [II] to form cationic complexes, which subsequently associate with negatively charged rose bengal to form ion-association ternary complexes. The formed complexes of Nx and Fq are extracted with chloroform, and that of INH with 30% acetone in chloroform to give pink colored solutions with lambda max at 564 nm for Nx and Fq and lambda max at 555 nm for INH. The proposed procedures are applied over concentration ranges of 2.8-5.6 mcg ml-1 of INH, 40-56 mcg ml-1 of Nx and 56-96 mcg ml-1 of Fq. They are successfully applied to the determination of the three drugs in pure and in dosage forms; the relative standard deviations being less than 2%

Glycosides of kickxia heterophylla [schousb] dandy in andrews

The herb of Kickxia heterophylla [Schousb.] D and y in and rews [Scrophulariaceae] afforded three flavonoidal glycosides; namely, 7-0-glucohispidulin, pectolinarin and its 4"'-O-acetyl derivative. The herb also contained a phenyl propanoid glycoside, acetoside and an iridoid glycoside, antirrhinoside. Their identification was established by chemical and spectroscopic methods

Constituents of the aerial parts of murrubium vulgare L

Investigation of the aerial parts of Marrubium vulgare L. revealed the presence of beta-sitosterol, lupeol, marrubiin, a labdane diterpenoid lactone, vulgarin and apigenin-7-0-glucoside. These compounds were isolated and identified through chemical and spectral methods

Pharmacognostical study of some Indian herbal drugs

Macro- and micromorphological study of the fruits of Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. [Rutaceae] and Carum amnoids Benth. [Umbeiliferae = Apiaceae] are presented with the aim of identification of the fruits in the entire and powdered forms, as well as quantitative determination of the volatile oil contents, their physical properties and TLC behavior

Titrimetric determination of ethchlorvynol [placidyl] by n-bromosuccinimide and identification of the reaction products

Two simple titrimetric procedures are described for the direct and indirect determination of ethchlorvynol [placidyl] using N- bromosuccinimide [NBS]. The first procedure based on direct titration of the concerned compound dissolved in ethanol using methyl red as indicator. While the second procedure based on the addition of a known excess of standard NBS solution and back titration of the excess NBS using sodium thiosulfate. The molar ratios in both cases are found to be 1:1 of NBS: the compound. The mean percentage accuracies are found to be 99.7 + 0.532 and 101.4 + 0.839 for the direct and indirect procedures, respectively. Applying the suggested procedures to capsules containing the concerned compound indicates that the two procedures still hold their accuracies and precision as compared with the pharmacopeia procedure. To investigate the pathway of the reaction, the reaction products are extracted, separated, isolated and identified using the different physical and spectroscopic data, only one brominated product is identified in addition to the expected product succinimide. The pathway of the reaction is also suggested

Some pharmacological properties of lupinus termis seeds

The ethanolic extract, total alkaloid, flavonoid and saponin fractions of Lupinus termis seeds were prepared. These plant materials were pharmacologically tested for hypoglycemic and antiinflammatory activities in rats and for the antmicrobial effect against certain bacteria and fungi in vitro. The extract and the total alkaloids fraction of Lupinus termis seeds caused a significant hypoglycemic effect in both fasted and diazoxide-treated rats, whereas the total flavonoid and saponin fractions were devoid of this property. In alloxan diabetic rats, all tested plant material had no antidiabetic effect. Both the extract and the total saponins fraction of lupinus termis seeds evoked a marked anti-inflammatory effect as manifested by the significant decrease in thickness of the inflamed paw in rats after oral administration and local application. However, the total alkaloid and flavonoid fractions of the seeds were devoid of this activity when given orally. Results of antimicrobial study showed that both the ethanolic extract and total flavonoid and saponin fractions of Lupinus termis seeds caused pronounced antibacterial and antifungal effects against certain microorganisms in vitro. On the other hand, the total alkaloids fraction of the seeds had neither antibacterial nor antifungal activity against the selected microorganisms

Spectrophotometric determination of phanquone via its metal complexes

Two spectrophotometric procedures are described for the quantitative determination of phanquone [4, 7-phenanthroline-5, 6-dione] [I]. The first procedure based on direct spectrophotometric measurements of the absorbance of its copper [II], iron [III], iron [II] and cobalt [II], metal complexes at lambda 305 nm, lambda 308 nm, lambda 368 nm and lambda 440 nm, respectively, the procedure is suggested for the determination of 1.26-4.22 mg of phanquone via its copper [II] complex, 0.42-2.42 mg via the iron [III] complex, 0.84-2.10 mg via the iron [II] complex and 2.52-12.6 mg via the cobalt [II] complex. The suggested procedures have accuracies of 99.77 +/- 1.13%, 98.89 +/- 1.10%, 99.46 +/- 1.31%, and 99.72 +/- 1.50% for the above metal complexes, respectively. The second procedure involves spectrophotometric titration of [I] with standard copper [II], iron [III], iron [II] and cobalt [II] solutions at the above mentioned wavelengths. The procedure determines phanquone in the range of 0.126-0.378 by using copper [II], 0.084-0.294 mg using iron [III], 0.084-0.210 mg using iron [II] and 0.378-1.001 mg using cobalt [II], respectively, as standard titrants. The accuracies are 99.49 +or- 0.68%, 99.22 +/- 1.14%, 99.78 +/- 1.78% and 100.09 +/- 1.50% for the above standard metal solutions, respectively